Home > Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine.

Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck and Bairey Merz, Noel and Barnes, Peter J and Brinton, Roberta D and Carrero, Juan-Jesus and DeMeo, Dawn L and De Vries, Geert J and Epperson, C Neill and Govindan, Ramaswamy and Klein, Sabra L and Lonardo, Amedeo and Maki, Pauline M and McCullough, Louise D and Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera and Regensteiner, Judith G and Rubin, Joshua B and Sandberg, Kathryn and Suzuki, Ayako (2020) Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. The Lancet, 396, (10250), pp. 565-582. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0.

External website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC74408...

Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.


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